ANATOMY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

Anthropometry deals with the measurement of physical sizes and shapes of human body (D. Poswillo, 1963). In differentiating people of different ethnic backgrounds, nutritional status, and gender, according to G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav, 2004, anthropometric data seems to be useful. Several measurable anthropometric parameters or variables have been developed over the years for establishing possible differences amongst different groups (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav., 2004).

The aim of this study was to assess the plantar arch index among residents in ovia northeast L.G.A and to determine the prevalence of pes planus. A total of 380 subjects comprising of 194 males and 186 females aged 16-35 years were used for the study. The dynamic footprints of the subjects were obtained using endorsing ink and plain duplicating paper. The plantar arch index was determined as the ratio of the mid arch width to the mid heel width from the foot prints. Descriptive statistics for each variable included mean and standard deviation(SD).

The effects of ethanol extract of Ginger and Horse eye bean on testosterone of male albino wistar rats were investigated. Fifty male albino rats weighing 120g – 200g were divided into 10 groups with 5 animals in each group. Group I served as the control while Groups 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 were the experimental groups. 600 seeds of Mucana urens and 200 rhizome of Zingiber officinale were used. The content was extracted using 2000mls and 1000mls of ethanol for Mucuna urens and Zingiber officinale. Filtered and concentrated in water bath at 45oc. 1000mg of the extracts were dissolved in 10mls distill water. The extracts were administered orally for twenty-one days. Group 1 was administered 5mls water, group 2 was administered, 500mg/kg Mucuna urens, group 3 was administered 1000mg/kg Mucuna urens, group 4 was administered 1500mg/kg Mucuna urens, group 5 was administered 86.6mg/kg Ginger, group 6 was administered 173.21mg/kg Ginger, group 7 was administered 259.81 mg/kg ginger, group 8 was administered 500mg/kg MU + 173.21 mg/kg 20 and group 10 was 1500mg/kg + 259.81mg/kg ZO. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Ethanol seed extract of Mu decreased testosterone levels and ZO extract increases testosterone levels.

The study could be of great importance inidentifying and evaluating the regions of the brain that may be affected by Cola nitida, give insight to people, especially students on the effect of the plant on memory, cognition, anxiety-like behaviours and its relationship with biochemical parameters. Despite reported evidence of neurodegeneration that Cola nitida has on the cerebellum (Buraimoh et al., 2014), traditional, cultural and social use in our environment is still on the rise. Therefore, there is need to investigate further; the effect of Cola nitida on other parts of the nervous system, such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Cola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola, primarily of the species Cola acuminata and Cola nitida. It is one of the most common chewable nut in Nigeria. It is a central nervous system stimulant used in folk medicine as an aphrodisiac, an appetite suppressant, to treat migraine headache and indigestion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of Cola nitida extracts on the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and some biochemical parameters. Forty (40) adult Long Evans rats of both sexes, with average weight of 210-230grams were randomly divided into four groups: A (control) = four rats (administered normal feed and distilled water);B= caffeine fraction group containing three sub groups of four rats each, B1, B2 and B3 were administered with di-chloromethane caffeine fractionof 19.2, 38.4 an

Hormones are chemicals produced by animals to co-ordinate their physiological activities. They acts as messengers, produced in and released from one kind of tissue to gradually stimulate or inhibit some process in a different tissue over a long period. The importance of individual hormones varies between sexes and age and a disruption of the endocrine equilibrium may result in multiple actions e.g the male hormone testosterone controls many processes from the development offoetus to libido in the adult. Alternatively, one function may be controlled by multiple hormones, e.g. the menstrual cycles involves estradiol, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Hormones are vital innormal development, maturation and physiological functioning of many vital organs and processes in the body (Annamaria, 2012).

The study was carried out to assess the effect of oral administration of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) on the histology of the testis as well as its effects on hormonal profile (serum testosterone). Thirty (30) adult male albino Wistar rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly divided into six groups of (A – F), with each group containing five rats respectively. Group A (control group) received distilled water and 100 g of feed per day for 26 days, group B received 1 g/kg body weight/day of nutmeg mixed with 100 g of feed for 26 days, group C received 5 g/kg body weight of nutmeg per day mixed with 100 g of feed for 26 days, group D received 10 g/kg body weight of nutmeg per day mixed with 100 g of feed for 26 days, group E received 15 g/to 20 g/kg body weight of nutmeg per day mixed with 100 g of feed for 26 days, group F received 20 g/kg body weight of nutmeg per day mixed with 100 g of feed for 26 days. The experiment lasted for 26 days. The rats were weighed before and after the experiment. On the 26th day, the rats were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and the testes harvested and fixed immediately in 10 % buffered formalin, processed and stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture in ETDA bottle and plain bottles for analysis of serum testosterone. Data were expressed as Mean + standard error of the Mean (Mean + SEM) and subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance

Many studies have defined human body parts and their proportion to each other morphometrically. In humans, the ear is the defining feature of the face and its structure shows signs of sex and age. The human ear is divided into external, middle and internal part. The pinna and external acoustic meatus forms the external ear. The lateral surface of the pinna is irregularly concave, faces slightly forward and displays numerous eminences and depressions. These structures do not merely act as trumpets; they are the first series of stimulus modifiers in the auditory apparatus.(Standrings, 2008). The importance of anthropometric data was stressed by Abeyshekera and Shahnavaz when they stated that a piece of equipment designed to fit 90% of the male United States population would fit about 90% of Germans, 80% Frenchmen, 65% of Italians, 45% of Japanese, 20% of Thais, and 10% percent of Vietnamese. (Abeyshekera, 1989).

This study was designed to compare the effect of fresh stem juice and aqueous stem juice extract of Costus afer on the stomach of paracetamol treated rats. Ld50 of the fresh stem juice and aqueous stem juice extract was determined by the modified Lorke’s method using twenty one (21) male mice and was determined to be 223.61 mg/kg and 353.55 mg/kg respectively. Twenty eight (28) adult male Wistar rats were used for the experiment. The animals were weighed before and after the experiment. They were randomly divided into seven groups of four animals in each group as follows. Group A: the control group was given feed and water ad libitum. Groups B – G served as the experimental groups. Group B was administered with 28.57 mg/kg of paracetamol. Group C was administered with 44.72 mg/kg of fresh stem juice extract of Costus afer. Group D was administered with 70.71 mg/kg of aqueous stem juice extract of Costus afer. Group E was administered with 28.57 mg/kg of paracetamol and 44.72 mg/kg of fresh stem juice of Costus afer .Group F was administered with 28.57 mg/kg of paracetamol and 70.71 mg/kg of aqueous stem juice extract of Costus afer. Group G was administered with 28.57 mg/kg of paracetamol and 100 mg/kg of silymarin. All administrations were carried out within 21 days. Administration was done orally using an orogastric tube. After the 21 days the animals were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation anesthesia and their stomach harvested, fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, processe

This research work evaluated “the Histomorphological Effects of Quinine and Triple Antiretroviral Regimen on fetal cerebellum of Albino Wistar Rats”. Forty female wistar rats weighing between 180-220g were sorted into eight groups with 5 rats each whose estrous cycles where monitored. Sexually active male of the same strain was added into each group to ensure fertilization. Vaginal smear from each of the females was collected following overnight mating by putting few drops of saline in vagina and recollecting and checks for spermatozoa under microscope. The present of sperm in the vaginal smear indicated day zero of pregnancy and administered started on day 7. Group 1 was taken as the control group and was administered with distilled water. Group 2-8 were the experimentals, Group 2-4 were given 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg and 30mg/kg body weight of quinine hypochloride injections intraperitoneally respectively eight (8) hourly for seven days. Group 5 animals were administered 17.1mg/kg body weight of the triple antiretroviral regimen orally respectively for 7 days. Groups 6-8 were administered concomitantly 17.1mg/kg triple antiretroviral regimen daily + Quinine 10mg.kg 8 hourly, 17.7mg/kg of triple antiretroviral regimen daily + quinine 20mg/kg body weight 8 hourly and 17.7mg/kg of triple antiretroviral regimen + quinine 30mg/kg body weight 8 hourly for 7 days respectively. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized to remove the fetuses and each fetus was sacrificed to ha

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays in 1895 while conducting some experiments in his laboratory (Yochum and Rowe 2005). The “X” in x-rays represented the unknown ray as Roentgen did not know what to name the invisible rays. One of the significant aspects of this discovery was the development of the clinical radiography which allows us to “see” the internal structures of the body especially bony tissue. Although the x-ray was considered an excellent diagnostic imaging tool, the harmful aspect of radiation could not be ignored (Yochum and Rowe 2005). Since its discovery, it has been of immense value in the evaluation of skeletal disorders (Yochum and Rowe 2005; Kendrik et al., 2001).