CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 INTRODUTION
Heavy metals include both non-toxic
and toxic elements. Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo) and Zinc (Zc) Magnesium(Mg) are the trace elements and
are required in a very minute amount, whereas other metals are
non-essential, toxic to animals and even fatal when accumulated these
metals includes; Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb) Plutonium (Pu),
Vanadium (v), Tungsten (w) and Cadmium (Cd), (Deevikaet al., 2012).
Heavy metals with established toxic
action to humans include cadmium (Morrow, 2010 and Hayes, 2007) lead
(Eric, 2013 and Patrick, 2006 and mercury (Bojorklund, 1995).Each of
these has been studied in isolation for toxicity (Morrow, 2010;
Patrick,2006 and Clarkson, and Magoss. 2006). But in the ecosystem, be
it air, (atmosphere, land and water) where they occur they do not exist
in isolation. They occur in close association with other metal and
non-metallic elemental pollutants. Among the metallic pollutant could be
calcium, copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, iron and others. Metals
are known to interact with one another. Interaction can bring about two
element together include proximately and could cause out right
displacement with one another. When ingested in food and water they can
antagonize each other. When it comes to intestinal hand and pulmonary
absorption it is there conceivable that the presence of other element
can affect the toxic potential of each of the heavy metal that has been
study in isolation.
Egborge (1994) reported that Warri River had and unacceptability high cadmium level, 0.3mg/l of H2O,
was 60-fold above the maximal allowable level of 0.005mg/l. This report
prompted our early studies on the hepato-, nephro- and goladal
toxicity of cadmium in rat expose to this high close via water and
diet. The diet was formulated with fish expose to 0.3mgCd/water in the
ambient water, as protein source and the toxic effects investigated and
reported. (Asagba and Obi, 2000; Asagba and Obi, 2001; Obi and Ilori,
2002; Asagba and Obi, 2004a; Asagba and Obi, 2004b; Asagba and Obi,
2005). The studies focus on cadmium without taken into consideration
the fact that other metal were also present the river water and as such
were co-consumed by the communities using the river water for cooking
drinking and other domestic purposes. Hence it is desirable to know if
the presence of other metal would enhance or diminish the toxic
potential of cadmium or indeed that of any other metal such as lead that
was mention above. Therefore the aim of this present studies was to
re-examine the toxic potential of cadmium in the presence of other
metals such as magnesium. The objective set out to achieve were:
v Re-examination of the kidney toxicity
of cadmium using established toxicity index for kidney such as
Creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen and Alkaline phosphatase.
v Re-examine the status of the parameters in the absence of cadmium but in the presence of magnesium.
v Re-examine this parameterin the presence of cadmium and magnesium.