ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of sweet orange(citrus smensin) on
staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from would infection
was studied. A total number of 100 wound sample were collected form
different individual from different age range within 5-8years and
examined,. The test organisms S auras and E coli were cultured
separately on Nutrient and macconkey agar plate and incubated for 24 hrs
at 37)c. the highest isolation of bacterial organisms was obtained in
staphylococcus auras as 100 (32%) followed by Escherichia coli as 92
(29%) there were isolation of other organisms, Klebsiella species was 76
(24%) followed by pseudomonas 44 (14%) the average zone of inhibition
of orange extract on S aureus was 1.8 mm and E. coli was 1.9mm also out
of 100 person with S. aureus 72 showed sensitive to orange extract and
out of 92 person with E coli 77 were sensitive to orange extract. The
average zone of inhibition exhibited by these drug on S. aureus were
8.95mm for Drovid 6.74 mm for ciprofloxacin while on E coli the average
zones of inhibition were 8.63mm for Drovid 6.67mm for Enythrompcin
4.47mm for anbtpicillin and 6.57mm for ciprofloxacin. The result of the
sensitivity pathen of both orange extant and antibiotics on S aureus and
E coli showed that some of the isolated organisms were susceptible
while some were resistance to both orange extract and antibiotics. The
result should that the zone of inhibition of the orange extract were
minimal on both S. aureus and E coli when compared to the zone of
inhibition of the tested antibiotics on both organisms through the
inhibition level of orange extract invitro (outside the body) is
minimal, its active ingredient vitamin C boosts the immune system invivo
(insove the body) by increasing the production of B and T cells and
other white blood cells including those that destroy micro organisms.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Sweet orange is a strum belonging to
the plant family ruracea with a botanical name citrus simrnsia. They
are berries but because or their unusual structure, they are called
fresperidiums. Sweet oranges originates in southern China thousands of
yeast’s ago. Now they are most popular and wide spread of the citrus
fruits. Citrus saneness (sweet oranges) can be grown is most parts of
the tropics where than five months and where there is fairly even
distribution of rainfall throughout the year. The trees can be grown
from seed but its more usual to buy budded citrus sincensis from private
nursery men or form official Agricultural sources. Citrus saneness is a
spreading ever green, some time spiny trees up to 12m fall with ovale
elliptic leaves which are commonly 7-10cm long dark green and routed at
the base. They are carried on short articulated petioles with very
narrow wins. The leaves are strongly scented the white sweet smelling
flowers are smaller than those of the group. The rounded fruits are up
to 12cm in diameter. Deep yellow to orange or in humict climate
remaining green when ripe. Sweet oranges (citrus saneness) are trotrical
crops. They are also annual crops (Cobley 1976)
In a typical sweet
orange, the excerpt and mesa carp are leathery and protect the juicy
inner tissue deceived from the endocarp from damage and desiccation. The
epidermis of the fruit has a thick cuticle and varying number of
stomata, the excerpt or flavedo is a layer of irregular
photosynthctically active parenchyma cells which is green in young fruit
and becoming orange or greenish when they nature. The mesocarp is
thicker than the exocarp and consists of inter cellular space. The
mesocarp is know as the albedo. It is rich in vitamin C sugar cellulose
and in pectin. The mesocarp and excarp together form the bird of the
fruit. The center of the fruit is occupied by the development carpels of
the ovary which are disposed around the pithy axis in form of several
closely packed segments. Each segment develops from a single carpal and
is surrounded by thin, transparent endocarp or “ray” form which
multi-cellular hairs grow to fill each segment. Each huge cell or pulp
vesicle of these hairs fills with juice and they form the edible part of
the fruit for which the crops are grown. The seed lies on axle placenta
close to the central axis and in the nature fruit is about 40- 45
percent juice 30 percent rind and 30 percent pulp and seeds which taken
together consists of about 90 percent water 5-10 percent sugar 1-2
percent petunias various acids, essential oil proteins and minerals.
Generally
the fruit contains 80-90 percent of sugar and acids with relative
proportion varying between other species of citrus. Citric acid is the
abundant acid in the sap. Pectin in the juice gives it a cloudy
colloidal appearance. Cilrus nsinensis contain mineral salts,
glycosides, small amount of protein and vitamin (cobley 1976) it is a
good source of cirus are citrus paradisc (grape fruit) citrus limon
(lemon) citrus aurantatifolia (lime) citrus aurantinum (sour orange)
citrus reticulate (tangermie and maudanine) citrus grandis (pummelo) and
citrus medical (citron) The sugar and acids vary between species.
The
medical potency of sweet orange (citrus smeasin) is due to its high
content in vitamin C which is believed to stimulated the production of
white blood cells, primarily neutrophib, which attack foreign antigens
such as bacteria and viruses. It also boost the body’s production of
antibodies and interferon, the protein that helps protect us from viral
invaders and cancer cells. (Uddoh, 1998). The importance of vitamin C
from citrus fruits in prevention of scurvy was scientifically proven in
1756 by John Lind (Rudolph et al 1978)
The skin is normally an
effective barrier to pathogens, but skin may be broken example by
wounding, surgery or the “bites” of insects etc. Wounds may admit any of
the variety of potential pathogens capable of causing systemic disease
(disease affecting the entire body) or localized disease. Bacterial
pathogens can enter via “bites” (singleton 1995). Marmoin et al (1973)
state that there are many organisms associated with wound infections,
which are, propionibacterium, Klebsiella, staphylococcus, Escherichia
coli etc. superficial infection are skin pustutes, boils, carbunictes,
impetize, penphigus, neonatorum, sycosis barbae, paronychia styles,
blepheritis and conjunctivitis” infections of accidental and surgical
wounds.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Most wound infections are
infected by staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and other micro
organisms (Bhata et al 1998) vitamin C is said to play important role in
protection agaisnt bacterial and viral infection (Okaka et al 2002).
The uptake of orange juice which is rich in vitamin C stimulates the
production of white blood cells premarily neutrophils which fight
agiasnt bacteria and virus and speeds the healing of wound (Rudolph et
al 1978).
It is therefore necessary to carryoput a research work to
determine the antibacteria activity of sweet orange on S. aureus and E.
coli involved in wound infections
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
1.
To determine the antibacterial effect of orange juice (citurs sinensis)
on staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli isolated from wound
infection.
2. To determine the antimicrotial sensistivity pattern of isolated involved
HYPOTEHSES
HO - Orange (citrus sinensis) has antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. Coli isolated from wound infection.
Hi - Orange (citrus sinensis) has no anti bacterial effect on S. aureues and E.Coli isolated from wound infection.
HII - Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are associated with wound infections
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The work is limited to the antibacterial effect of sweet orange (citrus sinensis) to staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
SIGNIFICANCE OF HTESTUDY
The result of this study
will determine the antibacteiral activity of citrus sinensis to S.
aureus and E.Coli involved in wound infection. And if the results are
favourable then consumption of sweet orange will be advocated, which is
safer than consumption of medical drugs which often have side effect to
the individuals taking them, As a preventive therapy (since it raises
the immune system of the individuals involves). It is naturally safer to
the sweet orange, which is a good item.