Microbial evaluation of ram milk from a dairy farm

ABATRACT

Microbial evaluation of twenty samples of raw milk from a diary farm (Emene fulani cattle rearers) was carried out using five method: viz direct microcopies count nutrient agar count, Blood agar count, Mac conkey agar count (celiforms only) and Acid fast bacilli staring was done to  assay for the presence of the Tubercle bacillus. The bacterial was were as follows: direct microscopic counts ranged from 9.0x 10^{5 to 9.5 x 107  counts on Nutrient agar ranged from 9.0 x 104 to 8.0x 105 counts on blood agar ranged from 7.0x 104 to 9.8x10 while counts on Mac country agar ranged between 5.0x 102 to 5 . 0 x 10. The Acid fast bacilli staring did not show a single bacillus, an indication of tubercle free. The gram staring  result indicate single chains clusters gram positive bacilli and gram negative bacilli which are characteristics of staphylococcus spp streptococcus spp lactobacillus spp and coliform. it is suggested that milk maids and milk processors should endeavor to wash the udder of the con, sterols their equipment and   containers as well as improving their personal hygiene during milk collection . these will contribute to the quality of products  in our milk industries as well as the good health of man especially the fulani cattle rearers that drink without pasteurization.}

^{TABLE OF CONTENT}

^{Title page}

^{Certification}

^Dedication

^{Acknowledgement}

^Abstract

^{List of  table}

^{Table of content}

^{CHAPTER ONE}

1.      ^introduction

1.      ^{Background information}

2.      ^{Statement on problem}

3.      ^{Aim and objective of the study}

4.      ^Hypethesis

5.      ^{Justification of the study}

6.      ^{Limitation of the study CHAPTER TWO}

8.      ^{Literature Review}

1.      ^{sources of raw Milk}

2.      ^{. composition of raw milk}

3.      ^{Raw Milk as a growth medium}

4.      ^{Sources of contamination of raw Milk.}

5.      ^{Contaminant of raw Milk CHAPTER THREE}

14.  ^Methodology

1.      ^{material and apparatus}

2.      ^{collection of sample}

3.      ^{preparation of culture media}

4.      ^{Quantitative analysis of total bacteria.}

1.        ^{Direct Microscopy}

2.         ^{Viable plate count}

3.      ^{Gram sating}

4.      ^{Acid fast Bacilli stain CHAPTER FOUR}

23.  ^{Results and Discussion}

1.      ^results

2.      ^{discussion CHAPTER FIVE}

26.  ^{Conclusion And Recommendation}

1.      ^Conclusion

2.      ^{Recommendation ReferenceAppendix}

^{sCHAPTER ONE}

^INTRODUCTION

^{1.1           BACKGROUND INFORMATION}

^{Milk is defined as a secretion  of mammary gland of female animals. It is an exceptionally good source of protein which is of a high biological value in promoting the growth of children (ihekorany and Ngoddy, 1985). Milk  is decribed as a good of outstanding interest, which is designed by nature to be  complete good for very young mammals (fox and Cameron, 1980).}

^{Milk contains a wide variety of  constituents and contains  most of the food factors associated with bacterial nutrition. Milk as a single food is of high nutritional value and is associated with spoilage microorganisms. At the time milk leaves the udder of the healthy cow, it contains few bacteria these stem from milk  ducts and cistern. During the milking process, bacteria are usually added from various sources. In hand milking the sources are air the hair of the animal manure, the milkers equipment such as pails, feed and machine, most of these environmental factors are less important. However, the milking equipment may serve as an important source of contamination if it is not carefully cleaned and sanitized (ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985) .}

^{After milk has been drawn it is rapidly cooled to 45 of prevent contaminants from multiplying. To eliminate pathogens from milk the process of pasteurization is applied. This involves application of heat below the boily point (fraizer and westhoff, 1978).}

1.      ^{STATEMENT OF PROBLEM}

 ^{Mike as a food of high nutritional value is highly associated with microorganisms.  As a result of this contamination of raw milk, it not sterilized and taken directly or used for production of milk products, causes disease to man and also contribute to the spoilage of milk and milk products.}

1.      ^{AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.}

^{AIM:       The aim of the study is to evaluate the micro-flora of raw milk}

^{Objectives: The objectives of the study are}

I.       ^{To isolate and identify micro organisms that are contaminate raw milk.}

II.    ^{To determine of the milk  is tubercle bacilli free}

III. ^{To assay for the presence of coliform as an index of pathogens.}

^{1.4 HYPOTHESIS}

 ^H_{o: All fresh raw milk from healthy cows are free from marshal contamination both pathogenic and non- pathogenic}

_{H1:   All fresh raw milk from healthy cows are net free from microbial contamination both pathogenic and non- pathogenic.}

_{1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY}

_{Milk is know to be heavily contaminated by microorganisms if net properly handled. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate consumption or processing it for milk products}

1.      _{LIMITATION OF THE STUDY}

_{This work is limited to bacterial organisms present in raw milk.}