TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE – – – – –
– – – – – ii
CERTIFICATION- – – –
– – – – – – iii
DEDICATION – – – – –
– – – – iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – –
– – – – – – v
TABLE OF CONTENTS – –
– – – – – – vi
LIST OF FIGURES – – –
– – – – – – viii
ABSTRACT – – – – – –
– – – – ix
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of
Study – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Problem Statement
– – – – – – – – 2
1.3 Research
Questions – – – – – – – – 2
1.4 Aim and
Objectives – – – – – – – – 2
1.5 Significance of
Study – – – – – – – – 3
1.6 Scope of Study –
– – – – – – – 3
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction – –
– – – – – – – 5
2.2 The Concept of
Prevention – – – – – – – 5
2.3 Principles of
Reduction of Crime Prevention – – – – – 7
2.4 The Concept of
Environmental Design – – – – – 7
2.5 The Concept of
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design – – 8
2.6 Principles of
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design – – 10
2.6.1 Determination
of Territorialism – – – – – – 10
2.6.2 Natural
Surveillance – – – – – – – – 11
2.6.3 Controlling
Accessibility or Entrance – – – – – – 14
2.6.4 Supporting
activity – – – – – – – – 14
2.6.5 Repairing and
Maintaining the Space – – – – – – 15
2.7 Perception of
Safety – – – – – – – – 18
CHAPTER THREE:
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Respondents – – –
– – – – – – 22
3.2 Site Selection –
– – – – – – – – 22
3.3 Survey Instrument
– – – – – – – – 22
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Survey Results –
– – – – – – – 24
4.2 Criteria for
SafeSpace Results – – – – – – 25
4.3 June 12 – – – – –
– – – – 26
4.4 Faculty of Arts –
– – – – – – – 29
4.5 Main Gate – – – –
– – – – – 32
4.6 Akin Deko
Auditorium – – – – – – – 35
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES – – – – –
– – – – 40
APPENDIX:SURVEY
LIST OF FIGURES
June 12 Main
structure – – – – – – – 28
Area behind June 12 –
– – – – – – – 28
Area beside June 12 –
– – – – – – – 29
Faculty of Arts Main
Structure – – – – – – 31
Parking in front of
Faculty of Arts – – – – – – 31
Parking behind
Faculty of Arts – – – – – – 32
Faculty of Arts exit
– – – – – – – – 32
Main Gate – – – – – –
– – – 34
Security post at Main
gate – – – – – – – 34
Akin Deko Auditorium
– – – – – – – 36
ABSTRACT
The objectives of
this research are to demonstrate the process of applying perception of safety
in an environment to actual crimes and to use the results to better implement
safety improvements within the area. The focus of the research is the design on
a college campus. University of Benin main campus was selected as a case study.
The survey was
developed and tested to better understand how people perceive their surroundings
and to incorporate the findings of perception of safety to improve design and
planning decisions for the UNIBEN campus. The criteria for a safe design was
developed from research gathered on crime prevention and the psychological
reactions of users to design features. The aim of this thesis is to enlighten
designers on the subject of crime prevention and the perception of safety in
design. Further research on the UNIBEN campus that leads to actual improvements
of public safety is encouraged for persons involved in campus planning and
maintenance.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Each year prospective
and returning students flood university campuses all across Nigeria. From state
universities to renowned private universities, students attend higher learning
institutions to gain knowledge in various fields in hopes of a better future in
the job market when he or she attains a degree. Institutions entice prospective
students with glossy brochures that speak highly of the school’s academic
programs. One topic that might not be mentioned in the brochure is the safety
record on campus. Yet, each university in the country has to consider the
safety of the persons that inundate the campus by day and night. The college
campus is not in an academic bubble that repels potential criminals. It is part
of the greater community in which it lies, from large metropolitan areas to
small rural communities. Cities across the nation are continually combating
crime and so are universities. There is a growing concern among parents and
students alike of the rising crime rates on college campuses. Whether students
live on campus or off campus in the surrounding area, it is important that
university administrators take a progressive role in keeping the campus safe.
This article examines
how the physical presence of a building/structure can influence the rate of
crime and security on campus. It also argues a connection between environmental
design and security through prevention of ‘squatter settlement’, ‘prison walls’
and empty or uncompleted buildings aiding ‘fewer eyes on the street.’ The
process of designing security into architecture is known as “Crime Prevention
through Environmental Design”(CPTED).
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Buildings designed
years ago need to be reevaluated to include today’s concern for public safety.
Understanding the relationship between crime and architecture is especially
important as it becomes increasingly clear that conventional methods are, at
best, partially effective in the fight against crime. Over the past century,
advances in architecture have far outpaces those in law. Rather than following
longstanding precedent, architecture has often stressed innovation and has been
subject to market forces that promote better and cheaper designs. This study
seeks to provide an account of effective crime control that focuses more on
architecture and less on conventional methods of law enforcement. Architectural
improvements that control crime can be adopted and implemented locally with
real effect.
1.3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following
research questions were formulated to guide this study:
What are the factors
that influence how safe or unsafe an area is perceived to be?
How can the design of
a structure improve security?
What are the main
distinctive considerations that should be taken into account to create the
right design?
1.4
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main aim of this
study is to demonstrate the process of applying perception of safety in a
campus environment to prevent crimes and to use the results to better implement
safety improvements within the campus. The objectives are as follows:
Examine how students
react to certain spaces.
Examine design styles
and patterns that can help improve security.
Examine factors that
can improve the design of a building to satisfy the security needs.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The purpose of the
thesis is to enlighten professionals on how important perception is in how
people move through and interact in an environment. By combining a
well-planned, safe landscape along with understanding the human perception of a
space, an architect can create a balanced environment that creates a positive
effect on the human psyche. In addition, unlike a homeowner who may make safety
improvements to their home, a student cannot. They must rely on campus
officials to provide adequate safe guards to ensure safe passage while on
campus. Students must rely on their gut feeling to keep them from harm’s way.
This study, to an extent, will concern itself with identifying and highlighting
the effects, caused and means of perpetuating crime. Having studies these,
suggestion on improving the design of a building or area to prevent the
perpetuation of crime and improve security with little or no additional cost
can be made. Hence, it is important to architects, interior designers,
environmental designers and other professionals in the built environment to
help in design, orientation, and placement of building components during their
course of design and construction. To the student and fellow researchers, it
reveals the impact of construction and design on occupants and also serves as
addition to knowledge as well as basis for further research.