NAUTICAL SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

Shipping has for a long time been recognized as one of the strong catalysts for socio-economic development. Back in 1776, Adams Smith noted that ’’A business working in a country town without links to the outside world can never achieve high levels of efficiency because its small market will limit the degree of specialization”. Because distances, it has since the ancient times been at the fore front of opening up of the world and thus a major driver in of the process of globalization. Shipping, especially container shipping has been both a cause and effect of globalization. Container shipping could lay claim to being the world’s first truly global industry. In fact container shipping could claim to be the industry which, more than any other, makes it possible for truly global economy to work, it connects countries, markets, business and people, allowing them to buy and sell on a scale not previously possible. It is now impossible to imagine world’s trade, and ultimately our lives as consumers, without container shipping. Shipping has led to a phenomenal growth in world merchandise trade, which has consistently grown faster than output. In 2006, goods loaded at ports worldwide are estimated at 7.42billion tonnes, up from 5.98 billion tonnes 2000. The value of total world export increased from US$6,454 billion in 2002 to US$40,393 billion in 2005 representing an increase of 64 per cent.

The Code was agreed between Nautilus International, the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) and the UK Chamber of Shipping and approved by the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency in 2013. It sets out disciplinary rules and procedures which apply when you are employed to work on board ship, and tries to deal with the difficulties of seafaring being civilian occupation but one which imposes certain demands not found in land-based jobs. The tough reality of life at sea versus the softer non-military mindset.

The traditional boat building material used for hull and spar construction. It is buoyant, widely available and easily worked. it is a popular material for small boats (of e.g. 6-metre (20 ft) length; such as dinghies and sailboats). Its abrasion resistance varies according to the hardness and density of the wood and it can deteriorate if fresh water or marine organisms are allowed to penetrate the wood. Woods such as Teak, Totara and some cedars have natural chemicals which prevent rot whereas other woods, such as Pinus radiata, will rot very quickly. The hull of a wooden boat usually consists of planking fastened to frames and a keel. Keel and frames are traditionally made of hardwoods such as oak while planking can be oak but is more often softwood such as pine, larch or cedar.

Seafarers’ perception of their organization’s ethical climate is found to be related to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational performance (Kim & Miller, 2008; Pettijohn, Pettijohn & Taylor, 2008). Performance ratings by supervisor and peer is one of the method in measuring job performance in which performance is mostly viewed from human behavior with evaluative aspects (Newman, Kinney & Farr, 2004). Employee’s behavior displayed at work is not necessarily related to job specific aspects but mostly on how well someone performs at their work (Jex, 2002). This is consistent with the definition of work ethics where individual are accountable to the work they done according to the acceptable ethical behavior.

It is not uncommon for engineering students to start their undergraduate engineering studies with limited knowledge about the field they are entering [5] , and few students enter engineering from another major [6] in large part due to a lack of knowledge of engineering. In Colombia, similar to other western countries [2, 3, 7], there is a lack of engineering professionals to supply the needs of the market [8]. Different factors may contribute to this shortage.

The effect of this corrosion over a period of years is to reduce the material thickness and hence the strength of the structure. Classification Society design rules typically incorporate an allowance for corrosion that is based on a certain amount or degree of corrosion. Should corrosion proceed at an accelerated rate greater than that allowed for in the design of the cargo tank structures and be allowed to continue unchecked, then a structural failure with consequent oil spillage, explosion or loss of the ship could be the result Individual tankers usually exhibit a unique, but controllab pattern. However, recent experiences of OCIMF members have indicated problems in new single and double hull tonnage from excessive pitting of up to 2.0 mm per year in the un-coated bottom plating in cargo tanks due, inter alia, to microbial induced corrosion processes. In addition accelerated general corrosion up to 0.24mm per year has been found in vapour spaces. This type of wastage and the increased rate of corrosion, which is much greater than that which would be normally expected, gives cause for serious concern.

Corrosion is a major cause of marine structural failures. Corrosion results in loss of structural strength at local and global levels, and leads to fatigue failure and stress corrosion cracking. Some recent marine incidents with tankers have been directly linked to accelerated corrosion [7]. Localized corrosion is among the major types of physical defects found largely on ship structures. The areas of the ship most susceptible to corrosion are the ballast tanks owing to the intense contact with seawater on both the sides, humidity, and the chloride-rich environment, even when empty. Because of the double hull configuration required by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 [6–9], ballast tanks are difficult to maintain.

The earliest concept of development was interpreted in terms of growth of output over time and later in terms of per capita output. The terms growth and development were used interchangeably. Economic development is thus a multivariate concept; hence there is no single satisfactory definition of it. Economic development is a process where low income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies. It involves qualitative and quantitative improvements in a country‟s economy. Political and social transformations are also included in the concept of economic development in addition to economic changes. Literally, economic development can be defined as “passage from lower to higher stage which implies change”.

Naturally, mothers all-over the world are concerned with protecting their offspring, but due to circumstances beyond their control, some of their children are being abused either through trafficking, slavery, kidnapping or other vices. Hunt (2007) opined that, in the past, child slaves were only used to help on military bases in war-ravaged country. Recently, child slaves are found not only in war ravaged countries, but in all part of the world. Children are sold and kidnapped for various purposes. Girls are normally taken to carry out domestic and commercial labour. Young boys are force to do vigorous, manual works on farms, in factories or in fish markets. No matter what their purposes are, boys and girls alike are physically, mentally and emotionally damaged after such abuse.

The degradation of metallic surfaces due to atmospheric corrosion is a well known problem for many steel structures such as bridges, storage tanks and pipelines. Bringing seawater into this equation causes an even more aggressive environment and an increased corrosion effect. Nevertheless, merchant vessels, carry cargo all over the seven seas, are mostly built of steel. In the absence of cargo, or when the ship is only partly loaded, a vessel carries seawater in her ballast tanks to ensure maneuverability and to control draft, stress and stability. As necessary as they are for the operation of a ship, though, the fact that ballast tanks are prone to corrosion poses an important challenge for ship owners.